El cultivo de ajipa. Una posible alternativa para la producción de hidratos de carbono, proteína y aceite en un sistema de agricultura sostenible

28 páginas, 6 figuras, 2 tablas, 14 referencias. Colección: Agricultura. Serie: Cultivos industriales.Puede descargarse online en https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/servicios/publicaciones/detalle/49368.htmlLa ajipa, cuyo nombre científico es Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi, es una planta de la familia Leguminosas ya cultivada por los Incas durante el período precolombino, junto con especies muy habituales y mucho más conocidas para nosotros, como el maíz y el pimiento. De la importancia de la ajipa durante el período Inca dan cuenta los hallazgos arqueológicos de restos de raíces en enterramientos humanos (Paracas-Necrópolis), y las representaciones en cerámica y bordados de distintas culturas (Mochica, Nasca).Los trabajos realizados fueron financiados mayoritariamente con fondos del proyecto de la Unión Europea AHIPA (FAIR6 CT98-4297)Peer reviewe

Aceite de semilla de mostaza etíope con alto contenido en ácido oleico

Referencia OEPM: P9902552.-- Fecha de solicitud: 19/11/1999.-- Titular: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).Aceite de semilla de mostaza etíope con alto contenido en ácido oleico. La presente invención se refiere a un aceite de semilla de mostaza etíope (nombre científico Brassica carinata A.Braun) carente de ácido erúcico (menos de 2% en peso respecto al contenido total en ácidos grasos del aceite) y con un contenido en ácido oleico entre el 60% y el 80% en peso del total de ácidos grasos. Este tipo de aceite no es producido en la naturaleza por plantas de mostaza etíope y ha sido obtenido mediante un procedimiento biotecnológico. El aceite es muy estable frente a la oxidación y las altas temperaturas, lo que hace que sea especialmente indicado en alimentación humana y también en la industria de aceites lubricantes.Peer reviewe

Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity among Orobanche cumana Wallr. and O. cernua L. (Orobanchaceae) populations in the Iberian Peninsula

Orobanche cumana is found in the Iberian Peninsula as an allochthonous species parasitizing exclusively sunflower, in contrast to the closely related species Orobanche cernua, which is an autochthonous species that only parasitizes wild Asteraceae hosts. Ten O. cumana populations were collected in the two traditional areas of sunflower broomrape occurrence, the Guadalquivir Valley, Southern Spain (six populations) and Cuenca province, Central Spain (four populations). Twelve O. cernua populations were collected on wild hosts across its natural distribution area in Southeastern Spain. Genetic relationships within and between both sets of populations were studied using a set of 50 robust and co-dominant SSR markers from O. cumana. The results supported the taxonomic separation of the two species and the existence of two distant genetic groups for O. cumana, one in Guadalquivir Valley and another one in Cuenca province. The inter- and intra-population variability was extremely low for O. cumana, whereas the overall genetic diversity was much higher for O. cernua. The genetic structure of O. cumana populations probably reflects a founder effect, with the two genetically distant groups deriving from separate introduction events. The high degree of genetic differentiation observed in O. cernua is mainly explained on the basis of restricted gene flow due to ecological barriers together with the occurrence of a predominantly self-pollinating mating system. Complementary diversity studies on both species in its current distribution area are required for understanding global genetic variability and evolutionary characteristics of the parasitism.The study was partially funded by Fundación Ramón Areces, Madrid, Spain. R. Pineda-Martos was the recipient of a Ph.D. fellowship from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) (JAEPre_08_00370).Peer Reviewe

Genetic studies in sunflower broomrape

Much research has been conducted to identify sources of genetic resistance to sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) and to study their mode of inheritance. However, studies on the parasite have been scarce. This manuscript reviews three genetic studies in sunflower broomrape. First, the inheritance of the absence of pigmentation in a natural mutant of this species with yellow plant color phenotype was studied. In a first stage, lines from the unpigmented mutant and a normally pigmented population were developed by several generations of self-pollination. Plants of both lines were crossed and the F1, F2, and F3 generations were evaluated. The results indicated that plant pigmentation is controlled by a partially dominant allele at a single locus. Second, the unpigmented mutant was used to evaluate outcrossing potential of the species. Two experiments in which single unpigmented plants were surrounded by normally pigmented plants were conducted under pot and field conditions. The cross-fertilization rate was estimated as the percentage of F1 hybrids in the progenies of unpigmented plants, which averaged 21.5% in the pot and 28.8% in the field experiment. The results indicated that, under the conditions of this study, the species was not strictly self-pollinated. Finally, the inheritance of avirulence was studied in crosses of plants from lines of O. cumana races E and F, developed by several generations of self-pollination. The F1 and F3 generations were evaluated on the differential line P-1380 carrying the race-E resistance gene Or5. The results suggested that race E avirulence and race F virulence on P-1380 are allelic and controlled by a single locus, which confirmed the gene-for-gene theory for the O. cumana-sunflower interaction.The manuscript reviews research partially funded by Fundación Ramón Areces, Madrid. The contribution of Dr. Enrique Quesada Moraga, entomologist from the University of Córdoba, Spain, to taxonomic classification of pollinators is gratefully acknowledged. R. Pineda-Martos was the recipient of a PhD fellowship from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) (JAEPre_08_00370)Peer Reviewe

Wild Helianthus species: A reservoir of resistance genes for sustainable pyramidal resistance to broomrape in sunflower

Orobanche cumana Wall., sunflower broomrape, is one of the major pests for the sunflower crop. Breeding for resistant varieties in sunflower has been the most efficient method to control this parasitic weed. However, more virulent broomrape populations continuously emerge by overcoming genetic resistance. It is thus essential to identify new broomrape resistances acting at various stages of the interaction and combine them to improve resistance durability. In this study, 71 wild sunflowers and wild relatives accessions from 16 Helianthus species were screened in pots for their resistance to broomrape at the late emergence stage. From this initial screen, 18 accessions from 9 species showing resistance, were phenotyped at early stages of the interaction: the induction of broomrape seed germination by sunflower root exudates, the attachment to the host root and the development of tubercles in rhizotron assays. We showed that wild Helianthus accessions are an important source of resistance to the most virulent broomrape races, affecting various stages of the interaction: the inability to induce broomrape seed germination, the development of incompatible attachments or necrotic tubercles, and the arrest of emerged structure growth. Cytological studies of incompatible attachments showed that several cellular mechanisms were shared among resistant Helianthus species.This study was performed in the frame of a 3-year project (ResODiv), funded by “Promosol” (the association of French Sunflower and Rapeseed Breeders for promoting these crops).Peer reviewe

Genotype, environment and their interaction on olive

Resumen del trabajo presentado en la 6th International Conference on the Olive Tree and Olive Products, celebrada en Sevilla (España) del 15 al 19 de octubre de 2018.The wide olive genetic patrimony has revealed high variability for most of the agronomic and oil quality traits of interest in olive growing. Few studies, however, have addressed the interaction of this variability with the environment, a subject of particular interest considering the natural high instability of the Mediterranean climate and the challenge of the predicted climate change. The current work presents results on the interaction between genotype and environment from multi-environment trials of olive cultivars and breeding selections, planted in different edaphoclimatic conditions of Andalusia, Southern Peninsular Spain and Canary Islands. For most of the agronomic and oil quality characters evaluated (flowering phenology, flower quality, pattern of oil accumulation, fatty acid composition and phenol content and composition), significant genotype and environment effects have been observed. For example, olive cultivars grown in Tenerife under much milder winter temperatures than in the Iberian Peninsula showed substantially earlierflowering and oil accumulation. Only in the case of flowering phenology was no significant genotype effect found. Furthermore, a strong genotype x environment effect was highly consistent in all characters considered. Regarding resistance to disease, such as Verticillium wilt, the variability of results from both natural and artificial inoculations also tends to indicate a considerable environmental effect and the need for careful testing of disease evolution. All this information strongly suggests the necessity of comparative trials of olive cultivars for both adequate choice of cultivar and final selection in breeding programs

Aceite de semilla de girasol con alto contenido en δ-tocoferol

Referencia OEPM: P200300859.-- Fecha de solicitud: 10/04/2003.-- Titular: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).Aceite de semilla de girasol con alto contenido en δ-tocoferol. La presente invención se refiere a un aceite de semillas de girasol modificadas genéticamente a través de dos ciclos de inducción artificial de mutaciones seguidos en cada caso por procesos de identificación de individuos mutantes que poseen el carácter deseado. Dicho aceite se caracteriza por poseer entre el 26% y el 80% de los tocoferoles en forma de delta-tocoferol. Esta elevada producción de delta-tocoferol está determinada por el genotipo de las semillas, que ha sido modificado con este objetivo, y se produce siempre con independencia de las condiciones de cultivo, tratándose por tanto de un carácter heredable. No existen en la actualidad semillas de girasol que produzcan niveles de delta-tocoferol tan elevados.Peer reviewe

Aceite de semilla de girasol con alto contenido en β-tocoferol

Referencia OEPM: P200300860.-- Fecha de solicitud: 10/04/2003.-- Titular: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).Aceite de semilla de girasol con alto contenido en β-tocoferol. La presente invención se refiere a un aceite de semillas de girasol modificadas genéticamente a través de dos ciclos de inducción artificial de mutaciones seguidos en cada caso por procesos de identificación de individuos mutantes que poseen el carácter deseado. Dicho aceite se caracterizan por poseer entre el 51% y el 85% de los tocoferoles en forma de beta-tocoferol. Esta elevada producción de beta-tocoferol está determinada por el genotipo de las semillas, que ha sido modificado con este objetivo, y se produce siempre con independencia de las condiciones de cultivo, tratándose por tanto de un carácter heredable. No existen en la actualidad semillas de girasol que produzcan niveles de beta-tocoferol tan elevados.Peer reviewe

Selecciones avanzadas de olivo con calidad mejorada para compuestos menores

[EN] Squalene, phytosterols and tocopherols are minor constituents of paramount importance for the olive fruit and oil quality. The objective of this research was to conduct a two-year evaluation of these compounds in the fruits of seven advanced breeding selections. They were mainly selected for early bearing and high oil content from progenies of crosses between the cultivars ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Picual’. An analysis of variance showed high genotypic effects, non-significant year effects, and genotype x year interactions of low magnitude. The selections showed great variability for the traits, surpassing in some cases the parental values. One selection with total tocopherol content of 263 mg·kg−1 fruit flesh, compared to a maximum of 148 mg·kg−1 in the parents, and another one with Δ5-avenasterol concentration of 30.7% of total sterols, compared to a maximum of 22.1% in the parents, were the most relevant phenotypes. These selections may play an important role for improving olive fruit and oil quality for specific market niches.[ES] Compuestos como el escualeno, los fitoesteroles y los tocoferoles tienen una enorme importancia para la calidad del fruto y del aceite de oliva. El objetivo de este trabajo fue la evaluación durante dos años de estos compuestos en los frutos de siete selecciones avanzadas de olivo, seleccionadas principalmente para entrada temprana en producción y alto contenido en aceite a partir de las descendencias de cruzamientos entre los cultivares ‘Arbequina’ y ‘Picual’. El análisis de la varianza mostró, para la mayoría de los caracteres, un elevado efecto del genotipo, ausencia de efecto del factor año, e interacciones entre año y genotipo de baja magnitud. Las selecciones mostraron gran variabilidad para todos los caracteres, sobrepasando en algunos casos los valores de los parentales. Entre las selecciones con valores superiores a los parentales, destacaron una selección con un contenido en tocoferoles de 263 mg·kg−1 pulpa frente a un máximo de 148 mg·kg−1 en los parentales, y otra selección con una concentración de Δ5-avenasterol del 30.7% del total de esteroles, frente a un máximo de 22.1% en los parentales. Estas selecciones pueden desempeñar un papel importante en la mejora de la calidad del fruto y el aceite de oliva para determinados segmentos de mercado.Peer reviewe

Changes in plastochromanol-8 and tocopherols during germination in Ethiopian mustard lines with contrasting tocopherol levels

Plastochromanol-8 and tocopherols are natural antioxidants with vitamin E activity that protect seeds and plants from oxidative damage. Whereas α-tocopherol is predominant in photosynthetic tissues, γ-tocopherol is more abundant in seeds. Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) seeds contain varying levels of both tocopherol forms. The objective of this research was to study changes in plastochromanol-8 and tocopherol contents during seed germination in Ethiopian mustard lines with contrasting seed tocopherol levels, and to evaluate their influence on seed germination and seedling growth. Cotyledons and radicles of seven lines with contrasting seed tocopherol levels and a control line were sampled periodically until 120 h after sowing (HAS) under light and dark conditions, and were analysed for plastochromanol-8 and tocopherol contents. The main factors genotype, tissue, light and HAS were significant for all the traits, excepting the light effect for total tocopherol content. Most of the lines showed a gradual decrease in γ-tocopherol that was nearly completely replaced by α-tocopherol at 120 HAS. However, line BCT-4, with high γ-tocopherol content in seeds, exhibited unusually high γ-tocopherol content in cotyledons and radicles during the whole sampling period. Light treatment and initial seed tocopherol levels had no influence on germination percentage. Despite significant differences for seedling development among genotypes, no clear association between seedling development and seed tocopherols was observed. The results revealed that the unusual presence of high γ-tocopherol levels in cotyledons and radicles of line BCT-4 did not have an effect on seedling growth. © 2014 Cambridge University Press.This work was supported by the Spanish government through Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia and EU FEDER funds, research project AGL2007-62 834/AGR and PhD student fellowship EBES-2008-003080 to E.G.-N.Peer Reviewe